Imperial College London tops our table for outputs in the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, achieving an overall grade point average of 3.51.

This pushes it ahead of the London School of Economics and Political Science, which drops to second, and the Institute of Cancer Research, which this year shares third place with the University of Cambridge.

The University of Oxford is joint 10th based on GPA alone, but the scale of its research activity pushes it up to first place on our research power measure.

UCL, which shares 10th spot with Oxford, is second on this measure, ahead of Cambridge (third), the University of Edinburgh (fourth) and the University of Manchester (fifth).

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Outputs account for 60 per cent of overall REF scores in the 2021 exercise.

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Methodology: how THE calculates its REF tables